The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
The word endocrine derives from the Greek words “endo,” meaning within, and “crinis,” meaning to secrete.Ā Ā In general, a gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body.
The endocrine system is based on the ductless gland that secrete their hormone directly into blood stream. The pituitary gland is known as master gland of endocrine system.

- Hypothalamus
- Pineal Gland
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Adrenal
- Pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
Hypothalamus
- TheĀ hypothalamusĀ is a portion of the brain.Ā HypothalamusĀ is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
- TheĀ hormonesĀ from theĀ hypothalamusĀ govern physiologic functions such as temperatureĀ regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of otherĀ hormonesĀ within the body.
Pituitary Gland
TheĀ pituitary glandĀ is a pea-sized structure located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, to which it is attached via nerve fibers.
That is main endocrineĀ gland. It is a small structure in the head. It isĀ calledĀ theĀ master glandĀ because it produces hormones that control otherĀ glandsĀ and many body functions including growth. TheĀ pituitaryĀ consists of :
- Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Posterior Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
The anterior pituitary ( adenohypophysis) is the glandular and present in anterior lobe of pituitary. It secretes following hormones:-
Growth Hormone (GH):-Ā The growth hormone stimulate growth of bones and muscle. It stimulate cell function.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH):-Ā It produceĀ twoĀ hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). T3 and T4 help control your body’s metabolism.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH):-Ā Ā Its stimulate the production and release of cortisol from the cortex of the adrenal gland.
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH):-Ā The MSH stimulates melanocytes for the production of melanin which is responsible for darkening of skin.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH):- The LH stimulates the production of testosterone in males and progesterone in female.
Prolactin:- The prolactin provides stimulation for milk production in mammary glands of female after child birth.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
The back portion of theĀ pituitary, a smallĀ glandĀ in the head called the neurohypophysis.Ā It secretes following hormones:-
Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin):-Ā AĀ pituitary hormone which acts to promote the retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood pressure.Ā Diabetes insipidus isĀ causedĀ by aĀ lackĀ of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, which prevents dehydration, or the kidney’s inability to respond to ADH.Ā ADHĀ enables the kidneys to retain water in the body.
Oxytocin:- AĀ hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labour and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the base of neck. It releases hormones that control metabolism.Ā CalcitoninĀ is alsoĀ secretedĀ by the thyroid gland that reduces the concentration of blood calcium level when it has risen to an above normal level.
When theĀ thyroid glandĀ isĀ overactiveĀ known asĀ hyperthyroidism. The body’s processes speed up and can cause nervousness, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, hand tremor, excessive sweating, weight loss, and sleep problems, among other symptoms.
When theĀ thyroid glandĀ is underactiveĀ called hypothyroidism. Its deficiency of thyroid hormones can disrupt such things as heart rate, body temperature and all aspects of metabolism. Hypothyroidism is most prevalent in older women.
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid glands are small glands of the endocrine system which are located in the neck behind the thyroid.Ā Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in bones and blood.
Calcium is the most important element in our bodies , so calcium is regulated very carefully. Parathyroid glands control the calcium.
Hyperactivity of parathyroid gland may cause hyperparathyroidism whereasĀ the parathyroid glandĀ is underactiveĀ called hypoparathyroidism.
Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are two glands that present on the top of kidneys that are made up of two distinct parts.
- The adrenal cortexāthe outer part of the glandāproduces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure).
- The adrenal medullaāthe inner part of the glandāproduces nonessential hormones, such as adrenaline which helps your body react to stress.
Adrenal glands are also known as suprarenal glands and secreting the hormone adrenaline, which rapidly prepares body to spring into action in a stressful situation.
The adrenal cortex is divided into following three layers:
- Mineralocorticoids: The most important of which isĀ aldosterone and secreted by outer layer. This hormone helps to maintain the bodyās salt and water levels which, in turn, regulates blood pressure.
- Glucocorticoids: predominantlyĀ cortisol and secreted by middle layer.Ā This hormone is involved in the stress response and also helps to regulate bodyĀ metabolism. Cortisol stimulates glucose production by mobilisingĀ amino acidsĀ and free fatty acids. Cortisol also has significant anti-inflammatory effects.
- AdrenalĀ androgens: male sex hormones mainlyĀ dehydroepiandrosteroneĀ (DHEA) andĀ testosterone and secreted by inner layer.
Addisons’disease is caused by deficiency of adrenal cortex hormone and overactivity of adrenal cortex hormone may cause cushing syndrome.
Pancreas
TheĀ pancreasĀ is an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food into fuel for the body’s cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and anĀ endocrineĀ function that regulates blood sugar.
The pancreas contains exocrine glands that produceĀ enzymesĀ important to digestion. These enzymes include trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats.Ā
The endocrine component of the pancreas consists of islet cells (islets of Langerhans) that create and release importantĀ hormonesĀ directly into the bloodstream. Two of the main pancreatic hormones areĀ insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar, andĀ glucagon, which acts to raise blood sugar.Ā
Testis and Ovaries
The testes secrete testosterone, which is necessary for proper physical development in boys. In adulthood, testosterone maintains libido, muscle strength, and bone density. Disorders of the testes are caused by too little testosterone production.
TheĀ ovariesĀ are the female gonads. The ovaries are paired organs that are found in the pelvic cavity. The ovaries are the organs that produce the egg.
The ovaries also produce steroid hormones,Ā EstrogenĀ is a steroid hormone that helps control and guide female sexual development.
Thymus Gland
TheĀ thymusĀ is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum.
TheĀ thymusĀ gland, located behindĀ sternum and betweenĀ lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, theĀ starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat.
Thymosin is the hormone of theĀ thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells.
Pineal Gland
The pineal gland, also known as the “pineal body,” is a small endocrine gland. It is located on the back portion of the thirdĀ cerebralĀ ventricle of theĀ brain, which is a fluid-filled space in theĀ brain.
The pineal gland produces theĀ hormone melatoninĀ that helps to regulate the human sleep-wake cycle known as theĀ circadian rhythm.
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